The Major Social, Economic and Technological Changes between 1865 Essay

The Major Social, Economic and Technological Changes between 1865 and1895 - Essay Example African Americans, for example, were subjugated and compelled to work in white homesteads just as ventures without pay. This hampered them from making the vast majority of their financial turn of events. In any case, this reached a conclusion with the annulment of the southern subjection in 1865. From that point forward, African Americans have gained gigantic ground as far as advancement both socially and monetarily as verified by Finkelman (437). Financial ChangesIn the period being talked about, cultivating got heightened as agribusiness turned out to be exceptionally esteemed in the general public. These progressions can be credited to the associations that were framed to join ranchers at the national and state levels. There was likewise the Dawes Act (1887) which chooses to separate Native American clan by giving them land. Additionally, in a similar period, more businesses grew up during this period as exchange expanded. This was additionally because of educated populace who tur ned out to be progressively inventive. Mechanical development was likewise strengthened by agriculture.Technological changesRailway transport exceptionally improved because of the new innovative creations in the last piece of the nineteenth century. For example, the creation of air breaks by George Westinghouse expanded the wellbeing of railroad transport. Also, the creation of Janney vehicle couplers made it feasible for railroad laborers to associate vehicles. Correspondence likewise improved after the innovation of the typewriter in 1868 by Christopher Sholes, as indicated by Nash and Smith (173). Also, photography was designed.

The Coronation of Charlemagne essays

The Coronation of Charlemagne articles From the beginning of time rulers and people with significant influence have regularly looked for more noteworthy control and endeavored to make sure about greater position. During the Middle Ages power was generally gotten by either being triumphant in fight, legacy, or by entering in a type of agreement. One of the most impressive of all rulers during the Middle Ages was Charlemagne other shrewd know as Charles the Great. With the beginning of Charlemagnes rule he was continually occupied with military crusades making an immense domain and quickly getting one of the most influential men of his time. Anyway it isn't his military ascent to control that students of history question rather it is acknowledgment of mainstream crowning celebration and assuming the job of Roman Emperor. The basic inquiry of Did Charlemagne want to be delegated by Pope Leo III? or on the other hand Was he just gotten off guard he might want history to accept? emerges. If one somehow happened to accept what Einhard announced Charlemagne as saying That he would not have come into the congregation had he known the Pope's arrangement then the response to the previous inquiry would be No. After further examination of the inquiry one can see that Charlemagne had a lot to pick up from this new title and the advantages tremendously exceeded any evil notions in his Carolingian realm. He was excessively amazing of a pioneer not to have known Pope Leo III plans a head of time a too wise not to have seen the advantages of this demonstration. His acknowledgment of the crown and title Roman Emperor was critical in reinforcing his initiative on two significant focuses. First the crowning ritual set Charlemagne as the most remarkable pioneer of Western Europe and second it joined the Roman Catholic Church with Charlemagnes Carolingian realm. Charlemagne had achieved more that some other one individual in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne originated from a long queue of amazing pioneers; ... <!

Intro to Microeconomics Study Guide Essay

Financial aspects is the investigation of assignment of rare assets 1) Chapter One: The Principles of Microeconomics a. Four assets: Land, Labor, Capital (apparatus), Entrepreneurship (human capital) b. Guideline #1: People face exchange offs, government additionally faces them, the fundamental one the gov. faces is productivity versus value I. Proficiency is when each and every individual who makes the most, keeps the most cash ii. Value would be if everybody was burdened a similar c. Rule #2: The expense of something is the thing that you surrender iii. Opportunity cost = the estimation of exchange off you quit any trace of something you can have later, to get something now d. Guideline #3: Rational individuals think at the edge iv. They do what’s best for them and amplify benefits v. Think at the edge = considering the NEXT one vi. Margin=small steady changes e. Rule #4: People react to impetuses vii. Costs are significant impetuses viii. Assessments/charge credit f. Rule #5: Trade can improve everybody off ix. Everyone can practice x. More assortment of merchandise xi. Doesn’t consistently improve everybody off ex: Jamaica, NAFTA xii. One accomplice can be solid and over force others g. Standard #6: Markets are a decent method to sort out financial movement xiii. Individuals are guided without anyone else intrigue xiv. Markets are the place purchasers and providers meet up and exchange off happens h. Standard #7: The administration can improve advertise results xv. Fundamental demonstration of government †authorize property rights xvi. Government can step in if there’s advertise failureexternalities happen (duties can be authorized for cigarettes), individuals who aren’t in the market are ffected xvii. Government can step in when there’s showcase power xviii. Imposing business model/oligopoly-government may step in 2) Chapter 2: What does it intend to think like a financial analyst? I. Impartially j. Logical strategy xix. Watch, theory, recognize factors, gather information, test speculation, make a determination k. Hard to direct a controlled analysis in financial matters l. Roundabout Flow Diagram = cash and products and enterprises stream from input marketoutput showcase xx. Stream of Money: Market for elements of creation (input showcase) families get salary spending on business sectors of merchandise and ventures (yield advertise) which creates income for firmswhich pay wages and lease for components of creation xxi. Stream of merchandise and ventures: Market for variables of creation (input advertise) purchases factors (land, work, capital and entrepreneurship)firms which sell products and servicesto market of gas and serviceswhich purchase products and enterprises from family units, which offer components to showcase for elements of creation xxii. This promoting is missing government, exchange, investment funds, underground market exercises and noble cause work/non-benefits m. Creation Possibilities Frontier: how much a nation can deliver xxiii. Presumptions: one nation, two products, asset = work xxiv. Bowed out PPF because of various assets (L) xxv. Opportunity cost increments with bowed out PPF in light of the fact that it takes increasingly more to make one a greater amount of the great xxvi. Any focuses along the PPF are effective, outside the bend are not achievable and inside the bend is wasteful xxvii. Productivity implies we expand our assets xxviii. To get a greater amount of the great, you need to surrender a portion of the other great xxix. More assets for the two products increment: whole bend moves out xxx. More assets for only one great increment: bend moves on one side just xxxi. On the off chance that the PPF is straight, it’s in light of the fact that there are different assets for the two merchandise xxxii. Simply expressing a reality = positive articulation and regularizing proclamation = emotional 3) Chapter 3: Absolute and Comparative Advantage n. Total bit of leeway is the point at which you make something more productively than another person, with the goal that less is required, which implies less open door cost xxxiii. Suppositions: 2 individuals who can make merchandise, 2 products that the two individuals need to customer, time is the main information, the two individuals need to expend the two merchandise and they’ll possibly exchange in the event that they can create one great xxxiv. Every individual works 8 hrs. every day o. Rancher can create 8 doughnuts and 32 cups of espresso; Baker can deliver 24 doughnuts and 48 cups of espresso xxxv. The cook has outright favorable position since he can make a greater number of doughnuts and more espresso than the rancher in 8 hrs. xxxvi. Diagramming: use focuses (8, 0) and (0, 32) for farmer’s PPF and CPF (utilization prospects wilderness). Use focuses (24, 0) and (0, 48) for baker’s PPF and CPF p. Economic accord: Farmer will make just espresso (which is each of the 32 cups of espresso in 8 hrs. ), bread cook offers rancher 5 doughnuts for 15 cups of espresso xxxvii. Exchange expands assortment xxxviii. Rancher winds up with +5 doughnuts and †15 cups espresso = 5 doughnuts and 17 cups espresso q. Similar favorable position is the point at which you have a lower opportunity cost xxxix. The open door cost of one doughnut for the rancher is 4 cups of espresso and for the bread cook is 2 cups of coffeebaker is similar preferred position in doughnuts due to bring down circumstance cost xl. The open door cost for one mug of espresso for the rancher is ? doughnut and for the cook is ? donutfarmer has opportunity cost in espresso as a result of lower opportunity cost r. The value go after the economic agreement will lie between circumstance cost of the two individuals, so both are in an ideal situation xli. 2 cups of espresso ? P ? 4 cups of espresso 4) Chapter 4: Supply and Demand s. Suspicions: one great, one market, advertise is entirely serious (numerous purchasers and venders, all objectives are the equivalent across firms and value takers) t. Request xlii. Request bend shows connection among cost and eagerness to purchase (P and Qd) xliii. Amount requested (Qd) is the sum purchasers are willing and ready to purchase xliv. LAW OF DEMAND: P, Qd = negative relationship xlv. Market request is the entirety of individuals’ requests xlvi. Factors that expansion or reduction request: IP-TEN 1. Pay a. I, Qd = Normal great b. I, Qd = Inferior great 2. Cost of related merchandise c. Dad, QDb = Substitutes d. Dad, QDb = Complements 3. Taste and inclinations 4. ExpectationsEx: when you with the exception of the cost of a decent to increment later on, you will purchase all the more now when it’s less expensive 5. Number of buyersMore purchasers = more popularity u. Gracefully xlvii. Flexibly bend shows connection among Price and Quantity provided (P and Qs) xlviii. Amount provided is the sum merchants are willing and ready to sell xlix. LAW OF SUPPLY: P, Qd = Positive relationship l. Factors that move flexibly bend: I-TEN 6. Info cost (Ex: compensation increment) e. IP, Qs f. IP, Qs 7. Technologyadvancement implies Cost, Supply 8. Expectationsexcepting an innovative headway 9. Number of dealers g. # Sellers, Qs h. # Sellers, Qs v. Consider: advertise for half and half vehicles li. Occasion: cost of fuel goes updemand is impactedP of gas so individuals will search for substitutesdemand for mixtures (bend moves right) lii. Occasion: innovation advance lessens cost of productionsupply impactedsupply in light of the fact that it’s simpler and less expensive to create (bend shifts right)P , Qs liii. Occasion (I) &amp; (ii): P of gas &amp; innovation â€&gt;D and S both impactedD, SQ and P is uncertain (relies upon degrees of movements and how you diagram bend shifts) w. Consider: showcase for transport rides liv.

Design project Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Configuration venture - Research Proposal Example Particles of fluids push qualities of interest on each other. In liquids this is sufficiently strong to keep the mass together yet not strong enough to keep it unyielding. In gasses these qualities are outstandingly weak and cant hold the mass together. Right when any material is contorted sideways by a (shear) vitality acting in a similar bearing, a shear pressure Ï„ is made between the layers and a relating shear strain is conveyed. Shear strain is portrayed as takes after. The pace of shear strain is described as takes after. It is seen that fluids, for instance, water, oil zone air, act in such a way, to the point that the shear push between layers is explicitly comparing to the pace of shear strain It is the reliable in this condition we know as the component consistency of the fluid. Prior to running a venture, confirm that the BioTek Washer show doesn't peruse UNDER EXTERNAL CONTROL. If it does, VWorks will set when you run the framework and you should end the application from the Microsoft Windows

Jean Kilbourne’s article “Jesus is a brand of jeans” Essay

The proposal of Jean Kilbourne’s article â€Å"Jesus is a brand of jeans† is that everything on the planet is only a stuff to be devoured or to be utilized to sell individuals something, and changes peoples’ standpoint. Connections, for instance, are utilized to sell individuals gems for their friends and family. Different notices exploit feelings to sell their items. Advertisements make an atmosphere of skepticism. â€Å"Ad after promotion portays our genuine lives as dull and conventional, duty to people as something to be maintained a strategic distance from. † 2) Jean Kilbourne is tending to everybody who is likewise the crowd of advertisementsâ€that is, all of us. Kilbourne utilized specific promotions to demonstrate the postulation, and statements from master assessments. The strategy is powerful in demonstrating the point yet it stays to the individual peruser whether to trust in such stuff or to simply excuse it as insignificant suspicion. 3) Jean Kilbourne has a sound contention. With the utilization of models, one really wanted to feel that promotions propose an idea that material things are more significant than humansâ€that peoples’ lives are dull and that their items are necessities to make life beneficial. Part III One section that I discovered fascinating in the Jean Kilbourne’s article â€Å"Cutting young ladies down to estimate: The impact of the media on high school body image† is that about portion of the members in an examination that was led to decide the impacts of magazines on adolescent young ladies â€Å"reported a longing to free weight due to a picture in a magazine, however just 29% were really overweight. † This gives an outline of what the article is about and demonstrates how generalizing from ads could impact what one looks like at things, even by and by.

New Year, New Tradition

New Year, New “Tradition” Today is Chinese New Years Eve and I consider tomorrow another brand new start of my life. Tonight, I will feast with my friends on  a lot of Chinese dishes, video chat with my family, and wait to “grab” red packets on WeChat, which is a commonly used Chat APP on our cell phones. During traditional Chinese New Year, the people who are relatively older in the family will put money inside red packets and give them to younger kids. The money will be used to buy things that parents usually do not allow us to have too much of, such as snacks and toys. When I was young, I considered those red pockets a huge amount of money, and the Spring Festival is my favorite holiday because of surprising incomes. Sometimes, parents will deposit the money for us in the bank and teach us the idea of saving. In recent years, more and more people use WeChat to send and receive digital “red packets.” The most interesting part is definitely “grabbing.” The number of red packets sent out are usually limited and the money inside varies. I  feel extremely excited when I grab one successfully and get the best luck. When I talked with friends this morning, everyone was kind of complaining that they could not concentrate in class because they were so busy grabbing red packets on their phones. Usually, the red pockets can  be opened in less than 1 minute and leave other people nothing. Later, some of my friends in CS posted Python codes to help us to grab automatically. After a couple tries, I have to announce that it was useless and I would be rather sitting inside Grainger and staring at my phone with some help from the high-speed Wi-Fi. As we grow up and experience many other exciting things, we think our Chinese New Year is more and more boring. However, we always try our best to make it fun and memorable. I really like our new tradition of grabbing packets because people are more connected. This year, I sent a lot of red packets and wishes to my friends and families, and I hope everyone can enjoy this season and good luck for the next year. Here is a red packet from my BFF. Connie Class of 2018 I am double majoring in Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering and Statistics in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. My hometown is a historical and peaceful city called Suzhou, located in southeastern China.

Extra Credit Assignment on Holocaust Survivor Susan Cernyak-Spatz - Free Essay Example

The event which I attended was a presentation from Holocaust survivor, Susan Cernyak-Spatz. Unfortunately, she was not able to make it to speak due to not feeling well. Instead, a video of her speaking on surviving the Holocaust was played. The one problem I had with this event was that it was extremely hard to hear her in the video, which made it difficult to fully comprehend everything she had to say and to take notes on it. I did go back and watch the video on my own and was able to comprehend most of what was said, but it still was hard to understand at times. The documentary began with her talking about the important people who came to power in 1933. One being Franklin D. Roosevelt and the other Adolf Hitler. She did not talk about Roosevelt much, except that he was a good person in power. She did, however, jump right into Hitlers coming to power. Some background on herself and family is that she lived in Berlin with her parents and ended up moving to Vienna. Then in Vienna in 1938, they had to leave behind everything like the food in their refrigerator and valuables like China plates. They left only bringing one suitcase to catch a flight from Vienna to Prague. Then from Vienna, they left for Poland, which was the only open border in 1939. However, they did not issue visas anymore to people with Jewish names, which meant her father had to make some illegal arrangements for them to get across the border. They were separated from their father because he had to go first to make sure everything would work. It just so happened that her father ended up making it out of Poland to Belgium on what was one of the last flights out at the time. Susans mother and her were deported to Beijing and were put in one of the five barracks there. They were searched and then went into a huge area to sit on straw and later experienced what was called the selection in Auschwitz. After she was selected, Susan goes to describe her initial view of the camp after the three day ride. Prior to getting there, they did not really know exactly what was at Auschwitz or what it had in store. All they knew was that people go there and never come back. She describes their arrival as having an indescribable smell, but nobody knew what it really was. There were two flames going up with smoke, but nobody made the connection that those were bodies burning. She remembers seeing an ambulance with a big red cross on it. She describes how psychologically, it gave her and others a sense of hope because when one sees an ambulance, they associate it with help and being taken care of. It was fascinating learning about the true hardships of life in Auschwitz. Susan described the bowl which everyone received as being basically all they had. The bowl was used to drink out of, eat out of, and pee into. This led to her talking about the precalculated dehumanization of people. They came to have no personalities, no utensils, and very little food. What they did have was piles of filth everywhere which led to many diseases. During the time of these hardships which Susan and others were faced with, the Jewish prisoners were in a liminal ground. Dr. Davis describes a liminal ground as a middle space between life and death (C.S. Davis, personal communication, September 27, 2018). While in Auschwitz, prisoners were no longer truly living, but they were also not dead yet. Unfortunately, they were stuck in the middle. When asked how Susan survived all of this, she said the most important thing was to accept the nightmare as your life. This can definitely apply to any circumstance in todays world as well. Everything in life is not always great, but by coming to terms with it and giving it your best to fight out that hard time or circumstance, you can combat just about anything, as seen by Susan surviving Auschwitz. I can apply this idea to my own life, because when I am going through a hard time, I remember to accept the negative aspects, and move on the best that I can. Susan then talked about her friend Lilly who decided to give up because it just was not the life she wanted to live, like many others chose to do. Chapter 5 of Deadzone, Death as a Horrible Other: A Relationship with the Other Side, clarifies that Characters lose their fear of death when they accept its inevitability (Davis Crane, 2019, p. 24). Many Jewish prisoners did not have the same perseverance as Susan. People like Lilly who had suffered so much, came to terms with death and its inevitability. They would rather accept their fate than live another day in the horrific concentration camp. Susan also described just how normal death became at Auschwitz. When it was most peoples time to go, many were physically and emotionally ready, almost allowing death to be their best option. This really constructs the idea about life and death by showing that if a persons quality of life is poor, they are probably more accepting of their life coming to an end. It also goes to show how the battle with ones conscious and will to survive vary among people. The strong willed people probably had more hopes and dreams outside of that camp, allowing them to push onward, while others, like Lilly, could not see the finish line. Susans story of surviving the Holocaust reminded me of , Night and Fog, a short film based on the Nazi concentration camps. The film was very sad and depicted things like torture, gas chambers, and piles of corpses. Although a film like this may be hard for some to watch, including the gruesome graphics is necessary in order to fully understand what took place. Just like Night and Fog, Susans story was definitive, which according to Dr. Crane, equates to undistorted the truth and only the truth (J. L. Crane, communication studies, October 30, 2018).

The Effects Of Structured Work Experience On The Work...

In the dissertation, The Effects of Structured Work Experience on The Work Readiness Skills of Students with Disabilities, Pacha (2013) examined the work readiness of high school students with disabilities (i.e., â€Å"mental retardation, learning disability or emotional disturbance†) (p.61). The study explored whether the implementation of a work readiness intervention would affect work readiness skills of students with disabilities (Pacha, 2013). Moreover, the study also examined the effect of other factors, such as program type, number of contact hours and type of disability on student outcomes (Pacha, 2013). In appraising this study, the author provides a clear and concise statement of the problem. The researcher asserts that there is a dearth of interventions designed to assess work-readiness skills, especially among students with disabilities. In support of this argument, Pacha (2013) provides literature on the â€Å"structure work experience,† the impact of work experience on youth as they transition into adulthood, and the influence of work readiness on success post-high school, as well examines other school-based interventions designed for individuals with disabilities (p.4). Moreover, the researcher provides supporting literature to demonstrate where deficiencies currently exist, especially with regard to programs designed to prepare individuals with disabilities to join the workforce (Pacha, 2013). In evaluating the literature review with the problem statement, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Ideas And Implementation Of Cooperative Learning2106 Words   |  9 PagesThis paper explores the ideas and implementation of cooperative learning, and how it can benefit the classroom. 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Comparison of Two Poems Shall I Compare Thee to a...

Comparison of two poems â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† written by William Shakespeare and â€Å"If thou must love me† written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† a poem written by William Shakespeare, is the eighteenth sonnet by this famous writer and a poet. Shakespeare, a popular english poet had written fifty four sonnets. â€Å"Shall I compare thee to summer’s day† is the most popular of all the fifty four sonnets which emphasized Shakespeare’s love poem with the theme of love. The poem, â€Å"If thou must love me† is also a popular poem and a sonnet (number fourteen) written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Browning’s poem revolves around the theme of love towards her expectations from her lover to be.†¦show more content†¦In the poem, William Shakespeare uses praise and question in addressing the person he was referring to. In Browning’s po em â€Å"If thou must love me† was much into herself describing her expectations from someone that will loves her or want to love her. The last two lines known as couplet â€Å"So long as man can breath, or eyes can see,/ so long lives this, and gives life to thee† (13-14) in Shakespeare’s poem tends to reveal the eternal beauty of the person the poet is referring to. Shakespeare used hyperbole â€Å"†¦[†¦]..men can breath, or eyes can see† (13) to exaggerate the quality of beauty in the person he was referring to, and by comparing him to summer’s day, that shows that the person is bright and beautiful as summer’s day is aways bright that’s why it’s referred to as beautiful day. Both poems are devoid of setting and both speakers tend to refer to anonymous persons, for instance, Shakespeare made no mention of who he was referring to throughout in his poem making it hard to know if he was expressing his love to a male o r female. In the last two lines, â€Å"So long as men can breath, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee† (13-14), Shakespeare uses anaphora to emphasize the eternity of his poem. His poem will live and reign as far as human lives. In â€Å"if thou must love me† Browning also never disclosed who she was referring to, but rather uses anaphora to express the word â€Å"love†, almost throughout her poem to makeShow MoreRelated Comparative Analysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? and The Flea2438 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of Shall I compare thee to a summers day? by William Shakespeare and The Flea by John Donne Shall I compare thee by Shakespeare focuses on romantic love, whereas Donnes poem, The Flea is all about seduction and sexual love. The situations in the two poems are very different. In Shall I compare thee, the poet is shown as a lover who is addressing his lady. His tone is gentle and romantic. 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Example- Fallen by Freddie Robinson Jr. I fall inRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesdiaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reason history is an act of individual and national self-assertion

Reseach Paper About Drug Addiction - 4637 Words

Introduction These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyones doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help you see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. And just as there are many kinds of drugs available, there are as many reasons for trying them or starting to use them regularly. People take drugs just for the pleasure they believe they can bring. Often its because someone tried to convince them that drugs would make them feel good or that theyd have a better time if they took them. Some teens believe drugs will help them think better, be more popular, stay more active, or become better athletes. Others are†¦show more content†¦Growing up as the child of an alcoholic parent creates a great deal of pressure to handle home front issues at a very young age. The various roles forced upon children often make them assume responsibilities meant for adults; as a result, they take on personality traits that reflect mascots, enablers, scapegoats, heroes and lost children. These behaviors tend to lead to self-destructive activities, such as the perpetuation of alcoholism and teen drug addiction, as a means by which to escape the pain of a miserable home life (Rodney, 1996) Low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, inability to express feeling, lack of control, distrust, issues with intimacy, hypervigilance and an overwhelming sense of responsibility are all indicative of COAs. Trying to deal with issues revolving around the family upon such an escalated level proves extremely difficult when children of alcoholic parents cannot even function normally regarding their own lives. This situation often spawns a codependency syndrome that follows the child throughout his or her entire life; codependency has long been found to be a significant indicator of alcoholism (Rodney, 1996). COAs severely compromise their own self worth for their alcoholic parent. Because of this, there are many unresolved issues that remain buried deep within the childs subconscious. One way they manifest themselves is through the consumption of alcohol, which enables the COA to forgetShow MoreRelateddrug addiction1059 Words   |  5 PagesReseach Paper About Drug Addiction Introduction These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone s doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help you see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. And just as there Premium4645 Words19 Pages Research Paper About Computer Addiction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study It is known that we are living in technologicalRead MoreCollege Students Have Many Worries996 Words   |  4 PagesCollege students have many worries. They have to worry about if they pass the class or not. If the students are in sports then they have to worry more. I really worry about trying in long papers. Students that are in sports really are in a hurry to find time to do their homework. Three biggest worries that I know of are financial stress, multitasking stress and academic performance pressure. Many college students deal with financial stress. This can involve the struggle of finding money to pay forRead MoreResearch on the Legalization of Marijuana Essay examples3086 Words   |  13 Pagesof doing this research project were to specifically determine what effects marijuana in combination with different substances had on the body. I also decided to determine the differences between marijuana and tobacco, due to the high mis conceptions about both of them in society today. First of all, I had begun to due research specifically on the subject Is marijuana more dangerous than tobacco, but due to the lack of information, I had to broaden my topic. I now understand which one is more dangerousRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 PagesWork during 1200 -1500 A.D Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. Social Work during 1900 onwards Tofler‟s Agricultural Society: special values about caring for individuals evolve. Emergence of unconditional charity toward individuals in times of hardship Almshouses for the poor and handicapped are established in England. Bubonic plague kills nearly 1/3 of European population. Labor shortages force

Essay Costs and benefits of free speech and press - 826 Words

Freedom of speech and press, or freedom of expression, are fundamental rights. Without these freedoms a truly free society cannot exist. By definition, they allow the citizens to communicate their ideas both verbally and in print. There are many advantages, as well as disadvantages, that an individual receives these rights. However, as with most constitutional freedoms, free of expression can be limited under certain circumstances. The First Amendment in the United States Constitution states ?Congress shall make no law?abridging the freedom of speech, or the press According to the Framers, the freedom to express individual views is vital to a free government and from their personal experience the freedom to write and publish also†¦show more content†¦There are some downsides to freedom of speech and press too. Free expression lets anyone to speak their mind on anything. For example, on September 17, 2007, a student named John Meyers was tasered by police after asking John Ke rry questions at a public forum held at the University of Florida. He was then arrested for resisting an officer and disturbing the peace, but, he could not be arrested for the questions he asked Kerry. To cut conflicts that may arise when invoking the right of free expression the government has enacted limitations on this freedom. Time, place, and manner restrictions are placed on free expression in the interest of public safety. They govern when, where, and how, what one may say or write without stating exactly what is allowed to be said. One case of restricting free speech in the interest of public safety is the regulation of cigarette commercials on TV. The courts decided that for public health reasons advertisements on TV must be regulated. Other limitations include the freedom to say and print what one?s wants, so long as it does not contain military secrets, will not directly cause a riot, and does not present a ?clear and present danger?. The Supreme Court upholds these restrictions as well as the idea of neutrality, and will sometimes limit speech andShow MoreRelatedFirst Amendment Paper1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Amendment Freedom is being breached all over the U.S and most of it is being taken away from the press. Sure the Patriot Act is killing everyones privacy in secrecy all over the US, but journalists and reporters are being put in jail right and left. The government has infringed on their rights in a way that should not be with the first amendment. It seems like the more people let the government do, the more steps the government takes to take first amendment rights from people. ForRead MoreThe War Of Iraq And The Buildup Was A Press Success872 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally speaking, the war in Iraq and the buildup was a press success. The U.S. went into the campaign with a majority vote, it then destroyed the country, while it led to the hanging of their then President Saddam Hussein. Even with no evidence to support that Iraq participated in 9/11 or had Weapons of Mass Destruction, this happened; for the press their role in promoting Iraq was a success. The shaping that took place was in troduced when President George W. Bush announced that there was an,Read MoreEssay on Internet Censorship1038 Words   |  5 Pagesactivity of chidren is the role of a parent and not a function of the government. The cost of protecting our children should not be at the cost of our constitutional rights and freedom of speech. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution clearly states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the GovernmentRead MoreEssay about Role of Law in the Little Rock Crisis2317 Words   |  10 Pages Freedom of speech and press, or freedom of expression, are fundamental rights. Without these freedoms a truly free society cannot exist. By definition, they allow the citizens to communicate their ideas both verbally and in print. There are many advantages, as well as disadvantages, that an individual receives these rights. However, as with most constitutional freedoms, free of expression can be limited under certain circumstances. The First Amendment in the United States ConstitutionRead MoreThe Benefits Of Free Trade1436 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, ‘Free trade’ has became one of the most popular words appears in public media. Like what Goldstein and Moss (2011) defined in their book, free trade is the policy that acts on diminishing government intervention on exports or imports business, while those intervention tools could be subsidies, tariffs or quotas. The debates also arisen as there are growing number of mainstream media focusing on the inequality of trade parties in the negotiations, and people want to know ‘whoRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized1436 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst constitutional amendment. This amendment is a back bone for the LGBT community. It gives Americans the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. The National Constitution Center states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† (â€Å"Amendment I,† 2014)Read MoreIs Outer Space Good for America?1315 Words   |  5 PagesBut American presence in space is not just a power play; the scientific and technological benefits of space exploration remain its most invaluable quality. In the past, space initiatives have yielded countless meteorological benefits, including the prediction and management of hurricanes and other natural disasters. Surveillance, mass banking and communication, military intelligence, and environmental studies are all areas expanded through American space presence (Dubner n.p.). Not to mention theRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1198 Words   |  5 Pagesan honor to districts one, two and four. There is a huge spectrum and vast expansion of inequality. Inequality violates economic facilities. On Katniss’ journey, she said â€Å"What must it be like, I wonder, to live in a world where fo od appears at the press of a button? How would I spend the hours I now commit to combing the woods for sustenance if it were so easy to come by? What do they do all day, these people in the Capitol, besides decorating their bodies and waiting around for a new shipment ofRead MoreSpeech At The Colleges Is Endangered1440 Words   |  6 Pagesstart of a piece of writing, video, etc. that is used for alerting the reader or viewer to the fact that it contains potentially distressing material. Triggers can affect anyone of any gender, race, or age at anytime. There has been much talk that free speech at the colleges is endangered. I think that colleges should acknowledge known trigger warnings when applicable and educate the students and factuality to reduce mental illnesses that are accompanied with trigger warnings and to ensure that studentsRead MoreSocial Issue: Health Care910 Words   |  4 PagesObama’s current health care law. There are many benefits to this plan: People w ho already have health insurance can keep it. They’ll get free preventative care including check-ups and vaccinations. Children and young adults will be able to stay on their family plan until they turn 26. There have been arguably more problems created by it for American citizens. Just recently in The New York Times, the article â€Å"Lower Health Care Premiums to Come at Cost of Fewer Choices† talks about these issues.

An Insight into Addressing Behavioural Problems Free Essays

Typically, in the field of behavioral studies, the objective of intervention has been to diminish a challenging behavior (i. e. aggression, property destruction, self-injury). We will write a custom essay sample on An Insight into Addressing Behavioural Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonetheless, as research and practice in behavior analysis have matured to address the point of behavioural functions, there has been an analogous shift in the selection of target behaviors and interventions (Horner and Carr, 1997). Within the last few years, investigators and practitioners applying competent supportive technologies within characteristic school and community settings have been established to identify and to teach socially covetous alternative behaviors such as communication, social skills, and choice-making (Koegel, Koegel, Harrower, and Carter, 1999). Accordingly, practitioners have increasingly identified significant outcomes of behavioural interventions to be not only declines in problem behavior but also rise in one or more substitute behaviors. Therefore the measurement of multiple outcomes for a person with problem behaviors has started to reflect a more complex evaluation model (Carr, Levin, et al, 1999). In effect, I think that the role of the nurse is to help in drafting more proactive approaches in resolving problem behaviour. One possibility for the nurse is to consider the significance of a team based approach to this issue. The team must also be multidisciplinary, one which probably call for the involvement of a behavior specialist with expertise in the practical approach to behavior as a member of the team employed in addressing behavioral issues. Intervention plans based on the practical behavior evaluation of target behaviors have a higher probability of positively influencing the individual’s behavior over the long term (Lalli, Browder, Mace, and Brown, 1993). The involvement of a cooperative team early in the procedure of assessing behavior and designing interventions will surely aid in enhanced intervention fidelity and promoted positive changes in patients’ behaviour (Hieneman and Dunlap, 1999). The nurse should also be involved across the phases of evaluation, intervention establishment, and succeeding program monitoring. Nurses may also be involved in formulating interventions that could be realistically executed (Lentz et al, 1996). I also think that the nurse must take on proactive approaches and techniques seek to decrease the possibility that undesirable behavior will be derived by analysing environmental contexts and the patients’ behavioural repertoires (O’Brien and Repp, 1990). The proactive factors of interventions must stress reliable communication, access to typical environments, and examination of demands. Generalisation of communication skills and alternative behaviors may be fortified during interactions with typical peers during participation in regular activities. Interactions and participation not only allow for opportunities to generalise prosocial behaviors but likewise serve as a encouraging incentive. In all these activities, nurses like myself may take on a critical role. We must not be limited to providing physical care, but also take in careful consideration the other factors that may influence problematic behaviour, and take an active stance in trying to help the individual develop. In taking on a holistic stance, I can make a real difference. References Carr, E. G. , Levin, L. , McConnachie, G. , Carlson, J. I. , Kemp, D. C. , Smith, C. G. , et al. (1999). Comprehensive multisituational intervention for problem behavior in the community: Long-term maintenance and social validation. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1, 5-25. Hieneman, M. , Dunlap, G. (1999). Issues and challenges in implementing community-based behavioral support for two boys with severe behavioral difficulties. In J. Scotti L. Meyer (Eds. ), Behavioral intervention: Principles, models, and practices (pp. 363-384). Baltimore: Brookes Horner, R. H. , Carr, E. G. (1997). Behavior support for students with severe disabilities: Functional assessment and comprehensive intervention. The Journal of Special Education, 31, 84-104. How to cite An Insight into Addressing Behavioural Problems, Papers

Life Values free essay sample

Lifes Values Values are beliefs of a person or social group n which they have an emotional investment. They are many different values that people have and they all tend to have different opinions on them. I feel that having values in life is such an important thing. I believe that having values, beliefs, and principles in life are all tied together in helping face lifes challenges and reaching happiness. My top three values I believe in are establishing relationships with others, valuing ones self, and living your life being honset. My personal values start with establishing relationships. It is something I truly value. Relationships are the way in which two or more people are connected. The relationships that we make in life all seem easy to forge but they are always hard to maintain. I feel like having relationships with people throughout your life is key to reaching happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It brings a great feeling knowing that there are people out there in your life that truly do care about you. It is a nice to know that there will be someone there to pick you back up when you need it. Finding those loving relationship with people is something that Jane faced in her life in the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. She never truly had the relationship with someone who truly cared. However she reached her happiness when she finally did get that relationship when she found her long lost family members. This is only one example of many more which show how establishing relationships with others is key to happiness. I can say that within this year of my life the relationships I made with people is something I will cherish for the rest of life. I may never see majority of these people again but I am happy that I got to know them. They were there for me when I was in time of need and my friends will always know how to show me a good time. Without these relationships, I know for a fact I would be less happy with my life. Self-respect is another very important value in my life. You have to believe in yourself and accept yourself anyway that you are no matter how not as attractive, over-weight, or anything else you do not like about yourself. All these things do not matter, it is whats on the inside that does. If a person does not have self-respect then they cannot make any decisions for themselves. This relates to the narrator in the novel The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison. He was struggling to find his way and he only focused on living his life based on the opinions of others. He never thought about his own self and his dreams he wanted to achieve. That is a clear example of someone not having any self-respect. I always like to keep in mind that this life is mine and not anyone elses. I go about my life proving to myself what I am able to achieve and so much more. I like to set goals and go way beyond them. This makes me happy knowing that I can do so much better than what I orignally thought. Lasly, I feel that honesty is one of the most treasured values to a human being. Living life honestly means being open and showing ones true self to others. Honesty is important in life because it acts as glue olding people together. Not only does honesty do that, but it also helps you exel in life and conquer problems. In the novel Snow Falling on Cedar Rapids by David Guterson, Kabuyo was able to conquer his problem of pleading not guilty because he was totally honest the whole time. He got to go back to his life with family and he got his happily ever after. This shows how being honest can lead to you being happy in life. In every situation that life puts me through I try to always be as honest as possible. I always keep in mind the saying what goes around comes around. It keeps me on check that if lie to someone then in the long run it is going to bite me back in the ass. That is why I do not like lying at all. It is not a good thing to do at all. However, when you are honest, good things tend to happen to me. That is why I value being honest in life. In conclusion, by living life establishing relationships with others, having self-respect, and being honest, a person will find that life is more meaningful and enriched. These are my values which I feel are intertwined together in helping me reach my happiness is life. Having that relationship with someone or people helped me to realize that there truly are people out there who care about you and your successes. Valuing self-respect allows you to constantly thrive for better in your life and never settle for less. Being honest just helps you in many different ways. It just makes your life better overall. You never have anything to hide. There is such a larger variety of values to live by but these are my main three.

Work report of Strategy Analysis of Coles Supermarkets of Myassignmen

Question: Discuss about the Strategy Analysis of Coles Supermarkets. Answer: Issue of Market Competition Market competition poses a major threat for Coles Supermarkets in operating its business successfully. Through external market environment analysis, it was gathered that the company faces a fierce competition from both international and local retailers. New entrants are a threat to the company as the number of retailers is increasing. This is because the Australian retail sector is currently offering stable profits (Chimhundu et al. 2015). Availability of alternative products is increasing competition for Coles Supermarkets. Online retailers are having a cost advantage over the company and with this; Coles are facing harsh technological and logistical challenges. Moreover, the retailer is facing pricing challenges from its new competitors, changing consumer demand and change in their taste from cultural influences which is another threat for the retailer that restricts it from gaining a competitive advantage. Internal analysis indicates threat from supermarket chain Aldi who centers on low cost private level daily products (Nenycz-Thiel and Romaniuk 2012). Financial analysis of Coles Supermarkets indicates that profit margins of the company are under pressure because of fierce marketing and pricing competition in Australian retail market. Alternative Solutions to the Problem Considering the threats faced by Coles Supermarkets some strategic solutions are offered to the company. A well-built collaboration of its strategies with variations in consumer taste will facilitate growth of the retailers brand. Core competencies including highly optimized supply chin and remaining expert in retail existence along with collecting items from suppliers to its distribution stores will keep its foods safe increasing the probability to purchase (Nenycz-Thiel and Romaniuk 2012). Building strategies to increase online sales and building the suppliers network will facilitate Coles to establish itself as best food retailer in Australian market. Marketing strategies of Coles should focus on promoting its improved services and products that introduces range of healthy and quality products. Marketing campaigns should consider increased interactions with consumers by conducting master chef workshops and aided shopping for elderly or disabled consumers that will improve consumer service. Low cost pricing strategies for all its offerings will help the retailer in competing successfully with the new entrants and maintaining high sales by providing mutual purchasing benefit to its customers. Additionally, to stay ahead of the growing competition Coles Supermarkets requires investing in new, innovative and sustainable business ventures (Pollard et al. 2014). Predicting a drop in the Australian supermarket, this strategy can support its sales growth (Pollard et al. 2014). Advantages and Disadvantages of Solutions New venture and business model investment may allow Coles supermarkets to leverage new technologies and establish a presence in international markets that could increase sales and profitability. However, it may be prudent for the retailer to control any imbalance in expertise and investments related to the new online venture (Zarkada-Fraser and Fraser 2015). Competitive pricing strategy or setting lower prices for all its products will help Coles to avoid price competition and increase sales by offering price benefit to consumers. However, Coles also needs other non-pricing ways for grabbing consumer attention such as differentiated consumer service (Ball et al. 2015). Improving online retailing strategy will offer the company with cost advantage over its major competitors (Ball et al. 2015). Along with gaining benefit of easy market access, reduced overheads costs is an added advantage. However, Coles may need to closely control website costs as ecommerce business is costly and legal issues including complex laws of consumer rights in the nation may be of consideration (Ball et al. 2015). Product and service improvement strategy with changing consumer demands and improving collaboration with suppliers for better product distribution is an effective strategy. Continual service improvement strategy by focusing on RD and high quality will help in giving competition to products of new entrants (Zarkada-Fraser and Fraser 2015). Supplier Relationship Management strategy will help the firm to gain great added value from suppliers. However, there may be a risk of security concerns to mitigate as a large amount of sensitive information is shared among suppliers and the company (Ball et al. 2015). Best Solution and Recommendations Developing online sales along with superior collaboration with suppliers can serve as best strategic solution for Coles Supermarkets as this will help in gaining several competitive advantages for brand growth. Reduced costs, better market access, use of new technologies for better consumer service, increased market shares through better sales can be attained through this strategy (Zarkada-Fraser and Fraser 2015). The retailer is recommended to implement online retail technological advancement measures. Online sales can be increased through matching online price with that of stores, specifically setting lower prices for online products. Additionally, great amounts of click-and-collect locations are to be launched in several locations that will include drive-through collection spot for online buyers. Changing the digital interactions for its online sites can help in leveraging its consumer loyalty programs (Dwivedi et al. 2012). Moreover, technological advancement in online business may be realized through adopting a hybrid cloud model that can achieve considerable cost reductions along with better consumer information management (Zarkada-Fraser and Fraser 2015). Other mobility projects should involve testing a tablet ordering solution for manufacture and a mobile-based selecting solution for enhancing its online store. Reference List Ball, K., McNaughton, S.A., Le, H.N., Gold, L., Mhurchu, C.N., Abbott, G., Pollard, C. and Crawford, D., 2015. Influence of price discounts and skill-building strategies on purchase and consumption of healthy food and beverages: outcomes of the Supermarket Healthy Eating for Life randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition,101(5), pp.1055-1064. Chimhundu, R., McNeill, L.S. and Hamlin, R.P., 2015. Manufacturer and retailer brands: is strategic coexistence the norm?.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),23(1), pp.49-60. Dwivedi, A., Merrilees, B., Miller, D. and Herington, C., 2012. Brand, value and relationship equities and loyalty-intentions in the Australian supermarket industry.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,19(5), pp.526-536. Nenycz-Thiel, M. and Romaniuk, J., 2012. Value-for-money perceptions of supermarket and private labels.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), pp.171-177. Pollard, C.M., Landrigan, T.J., Ellies, P.L., Kerr, D.A., Lester, M. and Goodchild, S., 2014. Geographic factors as determinants of food security: a Western Australian food pricing and quality study.Asia Pac J Clin Nutr,23(4), pp.703-713. Zarkada-Fraser, A. and Fraser, C., 2015. Integrating social and economic orientated marketing: A study of retail management. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 9(4), pp. 219-223.

Tennis 2 Essay Research Paper As we free essay sample

Tennis 2 Essay, Research Paper As we all know, America is a state of athleticss partisans. Most Americans participate is some sort of featuring event, either as a witness or as a rival. In the pantheon of great American athleticss, there is one that stands out. It has been called the great American interest. Yes, that great athletics known as tennis. Tennis requires a command of many accomplishments to be able to play competitively, but the primary accomplishment needed to win in tennis is the service. The service is the primary violative arm used I tennis, because it is the lone clip when a participant gets to set a ball into drama. The participant controls the velocity, the arrangement, and the spin of the ball. With proper process, the service can win many points and games for the waiter. The technique I will show is used by most professional tennis participants, with merely little fluctuations due to personal manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Tennis 2 Essay Research Paper As we or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First, the waiter should stand with his or her left shoulder toward the net, puting the left pes in forepart of the right pes. The waiter should keep the racket in his or her right manus, keeping the right arm directly toward the land. The racket manus should indicate in the way of the net. The waiter should keep the ball in his or her left manus, touching the ball to the racket face. The existent service gesture requires clocking and velocity. The waiter should flip the ball straight up into the air by fu lly widening his or her left arm. He or she should go forth the left arm to the full extended to assist spy the ball as it ascends. While the ball is in the air, the waiter should revolve the racket caput so that it points off from the net, and so convey it straight up so that the frame about touches the right shoulder blade. Meanwhile, the waiter should switch his or her weight to the right leg. Then, as the ball reaches the tallness of its acclivity, the waiter should leap up while to the full widening his or her right arm toward the ball and somewhat writhing his or her right carpus to convey the racket face into contact with the ball. Then he or she should go on the forward gesture of the racket by following through the shot, conveying the racket across the organic structure so that it points toward the land at the waiter s left side. These waies are for a right-handed participant. A left-handed participant would utilize the same technique, but for each way refering the right side of the organic structure, he or she should utilize the left side. To genuinely get the hang the service technique, pattern is a must. The timing and velocity needed to travel the racket into place to strike make non come of course. However, the clip spent practising the service will pay dividends in points and games won. So keep practicing, and the following clip Pete Sampras issues a challenge, serve him up a small something the he will non be able to eat for breakfast.

Learn How Marital Status Can Affect Your Financial Aid

Learn How Marital Status Can Affect Your Financial Aid The significance of your marital status in the financial aid process has a lot to do with whether or not you can claim dependent or independent status on the FAFSA. If you are married, regardless of age, you will have independent status when the government calculates your ability to afford college. Below youll see situations in which marriage can have a positive or a negative effect on your financial aid: Situations in which Marriage Improves Your Financial Aid Eligibility Marriage will usually have a positive impact on your financial aid eligibility if you are under 24 years of age and your spouse does not have high income. This is because you can then claim independent status, and your parents income and assets will not be considered in your financial aid calculations. Your spouses income, however, will be considered.If you are 24 years of age or older, you will have independent status whether married or not. Here again, your marital status will be a benefit assuming your spouses income is relatively low. Situations in Which Marriage Lessens Your Financial Aid Eligibility Marriage will often have a negative impact on your financial aid reward if you are 24 or over and your spouse has significant income. The reasons for this are two-fold: if you are 24 or over, you are considered to have independent status for financial aid. Thus, only your own income and assets are used to calculate your financial aid eligibility. If, however, you are married, your spouses income will be part of the calculations.If you are under 24 and from a family with modest income, your spouses income will determine whether or not marrying helps or hurts you. In general, the higher your spouses income, the less aid you will receive.If your parents dont have high income and they are supporting several other dependents, it is quite possible that your financial aid eligibility will actually decrease when you get married. This is especially true if you have brothers or sisters who are also in college. In a situation such as this, your parents qualify for significant financial aid, and that could actually decrease if you have independent status. This can be true even if your spouse doesnt have high income.   More Issues to Consider Related to Marital Status If you submit your FAFSA when you are single but then you marry, you can submit an update to the form so that your ability to pay for college is accurately reflected by the government calculations.You can submit a change to your FAFSA should you or your spouse lose your income or have a reduction in income during the academic year.You need to report your financial information and your spouses information on the FAFSA even if you file taxes separately.  Keep in mind that you and your spouses assets, not just your income, are used to calculate your aid eligibility. Thus, even if you and your spouse have low income, you might find that your expected contribution is high if you or your spouse has significant savings, real estate holdings, investments, or other assets.

Statement of Purpose for Physical Therapy program Personal

Of Purpose for Physical Therapy program - Personal Statement Example Besides clinical practice, physical therapy also entails education, research administration and consultation which happens across the health care sector. I have always had the desire to join a physical therapy program as my line of career; this is because, helping people with disabilities and other physical impairments has always been my drive. In many places, people with disabilities and other forms of physical impairments have often been discriminated and neglected. This has often made them have low self-esteem and lack confidence to do even the simplest activities in their lives. By joining a physical therapy program at George Washington University, I will put myself in a better position to make a difference in the society as far as empowering people with disabilities and other forms of physical impairments is concerned (Saini 32). Many examples have been shown in our society about people that suffered from physical impairments and disabilities, yet have risen to become influential people in their various lines of careers. In sports, many runners have emerged to compete effectively in Paralympics programs, which also recognize the participation of physically disabled people in other sports disciplines. I believe that physically disabled people and others suffering from other forms of impairments did not find themselves in those states voluntarily. For this reason, they need to be empowered to accept the conditions and be trained on how to manage their lives amidst the challenges. The choice of joining a physical therapy program at George Washington University was informed by the fact that the university has the best learning facilities training, and empowerment programs for people choosing their careers in this line. I am therefore confident that my admission into the University for the Program will enable me to interact with various people

U.S vs. Nevada Constitutioons Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

U.S vs. Nevada Constitutioons - Term Paper Example This study would not only establish a comparison between Nevada and United States’ legislation but even conduct a proper analysis on legislative elements of Nevada. The major aim of any constitution is to exercise limit as well as allocate power to governmental authority. Limited government is another term used for constitutionalism. Recent advancements associated with constitutional system of Nevada shall also be incorporated in this particular study. American constitution is responsible for dividing power amongst various governmental components. The constitutional structure of Nevada comprises of major state government offices, a linkage between these offices, procedure for developing regulation and law, regulation of activities occurring across national borders, state representation to other nation and states, and departments focused on state citizen’s welfare. Nevada constitution is basically larger compared to federal constitution. Word count can be considered as most effective way to compare length of two constitutions. Constitutions are now available online and hence page count is highly dependent on font size, margins, font type, printer choice, etc. United States or Federal constitution has a word count of 7500, whereas, amendments, histories or notes comprised within Nevada Constitution accounts for 56,716 words. Length of the later constitution can be easily altered since amendment in it is easier. Federal consti tution has been amended only 27 times. On the other hand, constitutions which are drafted in later time period are much lengthier compared to others. Word count has been opted for as an ideal measure since page count changes at a rapid rate. Length of any constitutional system proclaims a significant meaning. Nevadan judges due to long constitution are not able to have broad discretion, which is deliberately exercised by federal judges due to short

The Supporting People Programme And Housing Problems Social Work Essay

The Supporting People Programme And Housing Problems Social Work Essay This essay examines the Supporting People programme, a scheme introduced on 1st April 2003 with the aim of addressing the housing needs of societys most vulnerable individuals (Supporting People, 2009). Firstly, the programme will be described, followed by a focus on how it actively seeks to involve individuals with disabilities and complex health and support needs to be involved in their support and care arrangements. The Supporting People programme is a decentralised programme delivered through 152 authorities and by voluntary, community, and housing associations. At any one time, the programme can be supporting as many as one million people from a range of disadvantaged groups. Service users include older people, the homeless, those with mental health issues, and women at risk of domestic violence. The Supporting People Quality Assessment Framework (QAF) agreed a new core objective that would focus on service user involvement and empowerment. This objective is aimed at cutting across all core objectives and involves a commitment to supporting independence, informed choice, consulting with service users, and offering opportunities to be involved in the running of the Supporting People services. Some of the service user involvement initiatives currently underway are discussed throughout this essay. Sitra, a registered charity offering policy, training and consultancy for housing with care and support, are a charity who are working closely with central government and national bodies to ensure that the views and perspectives of the sector, and the vulnerable people that it supports are represented and understood (Sitra, 2011a, p.1). In their efforts to achieve this, they have introduced the concept of partnership working between organisations and service users. Partnership working is aimed at involving and empowering people in improving services and the experience of using them. This actively supports the governments Personalisation Agenda, which places a huge emphasis on the inclusion of service users in the design and delivery of services (Dickinson and Glasby, 2010). Sitra also run two training courses in client involvement, which are co-produced and co-delivered by staff and service users. One of the training programmes is entitled Client Engagement: Getting the Thinking Right (Sitra 2011b). This course is designed to challenge organisations to find new ways of working that encourage and actively seek to involve service users. A second training program, entitled Client Engagement: Making it a Reality, emphasises how the way staff communicate, listen, gather feedback and involve service users has an impact on service user involvement (Sitra, 2011c). Through such training programmes, organisations are provided with ideas and models for service user involvement. At a local level, Westminster have been involving service users in their support and care arrangements via the Mental Health Service Users Panel (Supporting People, 2007). The panel comprises a group of service users who work with the council in the planning and development of present and future housing projects to meet the needs of local people. Initiatives such as this one directly support the Tenants Services Authority (TSA), which has highlighted service user participation as a key component for Registered Social Landlords (TSA, 2008). Indeed, under the Supporting People Quality Assessment Framework (QAF) housing related support and care providers are now required to place service users at the centre of their strategic plans in efforts to demonstrate quality service provision and achieve level A standard (i.e. evidenced examples where no standards score C). Even to achieve level C (minimum required standard), providers need to demonstrate that they have fully engaged with service users (TSA, 2010). Another local initiative demonstrating how the Supporting People programme has been working towards service user involvement is NOAH Enterprise (Gill, 2010). NOAH Enterprise is a charity based in Luton (Bedfordshire) designed to help people who are homeless or contending with issues around exclusion. Service user involvement is claimed to be an integral part of the way of life at NOAH Enterprise, with examples being that service users are involved in helping in their Welfare Centre or at retail outlets. There is also the opportunity to learn transferable skills in workshops, thus empowering service users towards independence. Every volunteer and service user who helps NOAH Enterprise over a 3-month period receives a certificate of achievement, thus demonstrating the active encouragement of service user involvement. There are also a number of events that have been organised around client involvement, including a client involvement conference to be held in mid-2011 (Sitra, 2011c). This conference has been co-organised by staff and service users, demonstrating new ways of working together in partnership being put into practice. A similar conference was held in January 2010, which included participation and presentations from both staff and service users. One problem confronted by the Supporting People programme in their service user involvement efforts has been lack of support from some tenants, especially in sheltered accommodation (Audit Commission, 2009). However, regular audits conducted since the inception of the Supporting People programme have primarily highlights the benefits of these service user involvement initiatives. Such benefits include improvements in tailored support through active service user involvement (Audit commission 2005). The Audit Commission report that the Supporting People approach to service user inclusion and staff and service user partnership has helped move many providers from a more paternalistic approach to one where service users are able to influence services. Furthermore, increased service user involvement was a key feature of those authorities who received higher inspection scores. Such findings are supported by an evaluation conducted by Cameron et al. (2007) that found that integrating service s to support people with complex needs is most effective when the service is determined by the characteristics of the service user. References Audit Commission., 2009. Supporting People Programme 2005-2009. [online]. Available from: http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Downloads/spprogramme200509acfinalreportclg.pdf [cited 03 April 2011]. Cameron, A., et al., 2007. The challenges of joint working: lessons from the Supporting People health pilot evaluation. International Journal of Integrated Care, 7, 1-9. Dickinson, H. and Glasby, J., 2010. Third Sector Research Centre Working Paper 30 The personalisation agenda: implications for the third sector. [online]. Available from: http://www.tsrc.ac.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=U8tazrnMZ%2Bs%3Dtabid=500 [cited 03 April 2011]. Gill, S., 2010. Positive outcomes and service user involvement. Bulletin. NOAH Enterprise. Sitra., 2011a. [online]. Policy and public affairs. [online]. Available from: http://www.sitra.org.uk/policy_and_public_affairs/ [cited 03 April 2011]. Sitra., 2011b. Client engagement: getting the thinking right [online]. Available from: http://www.sitra.org/1230/ [cited 03 April 2011]. Sitra., 2011c. Client involvement in housing support and care: Sharing and learning good practice. [online]. Available from: http://www.sitra.org/client_involvement_conference/ [cited 03 April 2011]. Supporting People, 2007. Supporting people newsletter. [online]. http://www3.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/Supporting%20People_V6.pdf [cited 03 April 2011]. Supporting People, 2009. The Supporting People Programme. Thirteenth Report of Session 2008-09 Volume I, House of Commons Communities and Local Government Committee. London: The Stationery Office Limited. Tenant Services Authority (TSA), 2010. Quality Assessment Framework (QAF) Regulatory framework for social housing in England from April 2010. [online]. Available from: http://www.tenantservicesauthority.org/server/show/ConWebDoc.20175 [cited 03 April 2011]. Tenant Services Authority (TSA), 2008. Regulatory guidance for registered social landlords. [online]. Available from: http://www.tenantservicesauthority.org/server/show/ConWebDoc.15355 [cited 03 April 2011].

Different Approaches To Management

Management was influenced by various disciplines like sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, psychology, and even literature. Due to such multidisciplinary influences, even authors like Harold Koontz (1961) referred to management as a ‘jungle’. Even then, differences exist in the classification of approaches. Although one of the ways to classify management approaches is from the analysis of John G.Hutchinson (1971), which considers the development of management from five different perspectives, the history of management can be broadly classified into three groups: (1) the classical approach, (2) the neo-classical approach, and (3) the modern approach. The classical approach has conventionally implied traditionally accepted views. This approach emphasizes organizational efficiency to increase organizational success. It believes in functional interrelationships, following of certain principles based on experience, a bureaucratic structure, and a reward-puni shment nexus.The classical school of thought developed in three different directions: the scientific management approach, the administrative approach, and the bureaucratic approach, which also falls under the administrative school of thought. The bureaucratic approach was pioneered by Weber (1920), the scientific management approach by Taylor (1903), and the concept of administrative theory by Fayol (1949). The neo-classical approach /Behavioral approach emphasized human relations, the importance of the person behind the machine, individual as well as group relationships, and social aspects.This approach was pioneered by Mayo and his associates (1933). It was further extended to the behavioral sciences approach, pioneered by Abraham Maslow (1968, 1971), Chris Argyris (1957), Douglas McGregor (1960), and Rensis Likert (1961). The quantitative approach (which developed during World War II and believes in economic effectiveness to solve business problems) and the contingency approach ( which discards the concept of universality and determines managerial decisions by considering situational factors) also form a part of the neo-classical approach.Modern management thought combines concepts of the classical school with social and natural sciences. It basically emerged from systems analysis. Even though most discussions on the evolution of management thought start with the classical approach, a brief acknowledgement of the contributions of the pre-classical theorists is useful to appreciate the process of development in management thought. A list of the contributions by pre-classical theorists has been provided in Table 1. 1. Table 1. 1 Contributions of Pre-classical Theorists Contributor Pioneering ideas Robert Owen (1771–1858)He is considered to be a pioneer of the human resource management process. He advocated the necessity of concern for the welfare of workers. Charles Babbage (1792–1871) As an inventor and a management scientist, he built the pract ical mechanical calculator, which is considered to be the basis of the modern computer. He also advocated the idea of specialization of mental work and suggested the necessity of profit sharing. Andrew Ure and Charles Duplin (1778–1857) They emphasized the necessity of management education, which further paved the way to professionalize management functions.Henry Robinson Towne (1844–1924) He emphasized the significance of skills in running a business. Reviewing the contributions of the pre-classical theorists, it is clear that their focus was more on developing some specific techniques to solve some identified problems. Due to their obvious technical background, they could not think of management as a separate field. By and large, they integrated management with their respective areas of specialization. Andrew Ure, Charles Duplin, and Henry Robinson Towne largely laid the foundation of management theory, which has ultimately shaped modern management thought.Classical School of Thought This school of thought is divided into two approaches—the scientific school and the administrative school. The theorists of this school laid down the foundation of managing an organization in accordance with certain principles. In Table 1. 2, the contributions of each theorist have been highlighted. Scientific management Scientific management is a classical approach that emphasizes the Scientific study of work methods to improve efficiency of workers. Among all the contributors to this school of thought, the contribution of Taylor is thought to be the most important.Regarded as the father of Scientific management, Taylor developed specific principles for this field in 1911. He started his experiments with the concept of Scientific management in 1878 at Midvale Steel Co. During his days at Midvale, he saw that employees were ‘soldiering’, that is, deliberately working at a pace slower than one's capabilities. He concluded that workers indulged in ‘soldiering’ primarily for three reasons: (1) fear of losing their jobs if they increase their output, (2) faulty wage systems, and (3) outdated methods of working. Table 1. 2 Contributions of Classical Theorists Scientific managementFrederick W. Taylor (1856–1915) Development of Scientific management Frank B. and Lillian M. Gilbreth (1868–1972) Time and motion studies Henry L. Gantt (1861–1919) The Gantt chart Administrative theory Henri Fayol (1841–1925) General theory of management Max Weber (1864–1920) Rules of management For eliminating this problem, Taylor developed the principles of Scientific management, emphasizing five important issues: 1. Emphasize organized knowledge rather than rely on rule of thumb 2. Obtain harmony in group action 3. Achieve cooperation 4. Work for maximum output rather than restricted output 5.Develop the potential of the workers both for their self-development and organizational prosperity In essence, Taylor emphasized the following points to achieve organizational efficiency: Develop a Scientific way of performing jobs Train and develop the potential of the workers to perform the job Establish harmonious relations between management and workers In order to ensure that such objectives are achieved, Taylor suggested two important managerial practices: the piece-rate incentive system and time and motion study. The piece-rate incentive system rewards the worker who produces maximum output.Such an incentive system will motivate workers to work more to maximize their earnings. This system requires workers to perform at some pre-decided standard rate to earn their base wages. Standards are decided using time and motion study. If workers are able to produce more, then in addition to their base rate they get incentives on the number of excess units produced over and above the standard units. This serves the interest of workers as well as management—workers feel motivated to maxim ize their earnings, while management gets the benefit of increased productivity.Time and motion study, as already pointed out, facilitates the determination of the standard time required for performing a job. Time study helps in the determination of time required, duly defining the art of recording, analyzing, and synthesizing the time elements of each operation. Motion study, on the other hand, involves study of movements in doing a job in parts. It eliminates wasteful movements and retains only the necessary ones. Thus, it makes a job simple, easier, and better. Taylor developed the time and motion study concepts in association with Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.Like Taylor, Frank Gilbreth is also known as the father of motion study. Lillian Gilbreth conducted research on motion studies. Both of them explored ways of reducing fatigue. They had classified seventeen basic hand motions including search, select, position, and hold, which they called ‘therbligs’ (Gilbreth spe lled backward with ‘th’ treated as one letter). Their approach helps us to analyze the exact elements of a worker's hand movements. A simple modification of a brick-laying approach, following the Gilbreths’ studies, helped to increase hourly output from 120 bricks to 350.Henry Laurence Gantt also worked as a close associate of Taylor at Midvale and subsequently at Bethlehem Steel. His contributions to the Scientific management school of thought are the task and bonus system and a chart commonly known as the Gantt chart, developed in the years 1910–1915. As per his incentive plan, workers receive their day wages even when they do not perform their complete job. On the other hand, they get a bonus when they take less than the normal standard time to complete the work. It was further recommended that there be payment of bonus to foremen as well, based on the incremental performance of workers.The Gantt chart is used for production planning to compare actual a nd planned performances. It is a visual device for production control, indicating progress of production in terms of time rather than quantity. In fact, the programme evaluation and review technique (PERT) concept was subsequently developed based on the Gantt chart. In Chapter 7, the Gantt chart has been illustrated in detail. Some of the drawbacks of scientific management are: The basic principles of scientific management revolve around operations problems and do not focus on managerial issues, essential for managing an organization.That is why it is often said that it is more focused on engineering than on management. The assumptions of this theory about people in general are that they are rational and primarily driven by their desire to fulfill material gains. Only the economic and physical needs of people are emphasized, to the exclusion of their social needs. This theory also ignores the human desire for job satisfaction. Administrative theory Administrative theory, another par t of the classical school of thought, focuses on principles to coordinate the internal activities in an organization.General theory of management The French industrialist Fayol, through his pioneering work General and Industrial Management published in English in 1949, explained that satisfactory results can be achieved with scientific forecasting and proper methods of management. At the outset, Fayol classified the business operations of an organization into six activities and then outlined 14 principles of management. The six activities are: 1. Technical: It is concerned with production and manufacturing. 2. Commercial: It includes all activities related to buying, selling, and exchange. 3. Financial: It ensures optimal use of capital.4. Security: It ensures the protection of employees and property. 5. Accounting: It is concerned with costs, profits and liabilities, maintaining balance sheets, and compiling statistics. 6. Managerial: It is a functional approach to management and i s concerned with planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. After detailing all these activities, Fayol primarily focused on the managerial activities and outlined 14 principles to achieve efficiency. These 14 principles are as follows: 1. Division of labor: If people are specialized at their work, they can perform their task better.This principle recommends grouping of people as per their area of specialization. The modern assembly-line concept is an outcome of division of labor. 2. Authority: Managers must have authority to get things done. Yet, formal authority alone may not help to compel obedience from subordinates; managers must have the expertise to exert personal authority. 3. Discipline: People working in an organization need to comply with rules and agreements that govern the organization. Without discipline, results cannot be achieved. Strong discipline and leadership are inter-connected and these can together create an environment of positive work c ulture.4. Unity of command: Members in an organization must receive instructions from only one person. Conflict will arise when one receives orders and instructions from multiple managers. Therefore, the reporting relationship of one subordinate should be with one superior. 5. Unity of direction: All operations in an organization need to be directed towards one objective. Without this, achievement of goals cannot be ensured. 6. Subordination of individual interest to the common good: The interests of an individual employee should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole. 7.Remuneration: It should be fair to both employees and employers. 8. Centralization: Centralization reduces the role of the subordinates in decision making, while decentralization enhances it. Managers should retain responsibility through centralization but at the same time give their subordinates enough authority to do their jobs properly. 9. Hierarchy: There should be a line of author ity, illustrated in the form of an organization chart clearly showing the structure of authority from the top management to employees down the line. 10. Order: People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.Job allocation to people should be made in a way that suits them. 11. Equity: Managers should be fair to their subordinates. 12. Stability of staff: Employee turnover should be less to ensure efficiency of an organization. 13. Initiative: Subordinates should have the freedom to conceive new ideas and do their task, even though they may commit mistakes. 14. Esprit de corps: Team spirit should be promoted to develop a culture of unity in the organization. Use of verbal communication instead of formal written communication, wherever possible, may help in developing the team spirit in an organization.Bureaucratic theory The bureaucratic theory pioneered by Weber (1920), which falls under the administrative school of thought, emphasizes authority structures and de scription of an organization based on the authority relations. According to Weber, ‘a bureaucracy is highly structured, formalized, and impersonal organization’. In fact, he has advocated the necessity of a formal organization structure with set rules and regulations. The characteristics of a bureaucratic organization as described by Weber are shown in Table 1. 3.Bureaucracy is often misunderstood as being a web of red tape and too many rules. However, Weber's concept is intended to remove ambiguity, inefficiencies, and patronage. Criticism of the classical school of thought Behavioral theorists criticized the classical theorists on a number of grounds. First of all, management principles are not universally applicable in today's complex business situation. Some principles of Fayol are also contradictory, for example, the principle of specialization contradicts the principle of unity of command.Similarly, Weber's bureaucracy also takes away the individual's creativity a nd flexibility, and dissuades them from responding to a complex situation in a global environment. Further, classical theorists also ignored the important aspects of organizational behaviour. These theories do not deal with the problems of leadership, motivation, power, or informal relations. They also fail to consider the internal and external environmental forces affecting an organization. These stress the necessity of achieving productivity, more than anything else. Neo-classical School of ThoughtThis school of thought, which was a transitional phase, basically emphasized human relations. Table 1. 3 Characteristics of Bureaucratic Theory Characteristics Description Specialization of labor Jobs are broken down into routine, well-defined tasks so that members of the organization know what is expected from them and they can become competent enough to do a particular subset of tasks. Formal rules and procedures Written rules and procedures should specify the desired behaviors from me mbers of the organization, facilitate coordination, and ensure uniformity. ImpersonalityRules, procedures, and sanctions should be applied uniformly regardless of individuals. Well-defined hierarchy Multiple levels of positions must be designed carefully keeping in mind the reporting relationships among levels. This should provide for supervision, handling of exceptions, and ability to establish accountability of actions. Career advancement based on merit Selection and promotions should be based on the qualifications and performance of members. Behavioral theories The behavioral school of management emphasizes the human element in an organization, duly recognizing its importance.It puts more stress on individual attitudes and behaviors and on group processes. The major contributors to this school of thought are named inTable 1. 4. Mary Parker Follet was the pioneer of the behavioural approach to management. She recognized the significance of the human element and attributed greater significance to the functioning of groups in the workplace. According to Follet, the critical role of managers should be to bring constructive change in the organization, following the principle of ‘power with’ rather than ‘power over’.She clarified that power should not be based on hierarchical levels but should be collectively developed, fostering a cooperative concept, involving superiors and subordinates, and finally working together as a team. Hence, the need is for more power sharing. Organizations need to become democratic to accommodate employees and managers. People will work harder when the organization recognizes the individual's motivating desires. Table 1. 4 Major Contributors to the Behavioral School Contributors Contributions Mary Parker Follet (1868–1933)Elton Mayo (1880–1949) Abraham Maslow (1808–1970) Douglas McGregor (1906–64) Group influences in the workplace Effect of human motivation on productivity and outp ut Relates human motivation to a hierarchy of needs Emphasizes human characteristics—theory X and theory Y—and the corresponding style of leadership Chris Argyris (1923–present) Human and organizational development—model I and model II While Follet was the pioneer of the behavioural approach to management, it is Elton Mayo who is recognized as the father of the human relations approach.Mayo and his associates conducted their study at Western Electric's Hawthorne Plant between 1927 and 1932, to evaluate the attitudes and psychological reactions of workers in on-the-job situations. Their experiments were carried out in four phases: (1) illumination experiments (2) relay assembly test room experiments, (3) interview phase, and (4) bank wiring observation room experiment. Illumination experiments These experiments took place initially between 1924 and 1927, in Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric Company and involved industrial engineers of the same company.Th e experiments involved manipulation of illumination for one group of workers (test group) and comparing their performance and productivity with another group for whom illumination was not manipulated (control group). In the first spell of experiment, for the test group (for whom the illumination was manipulated) performance and productivity improved. However, this did not last long. In fact, the control group's performance also rose in between with the alteration in lighting conditions for the test group, even though for the control group there was no change in the lighting conditions.With such contradictory results, researchers concluded that intensity of illumination was not related to productivity of workers. There had to be something besides illumination which influenced the performance of workers in Western Electric Company. Elton Mayo and his associates from Harvard University were involved at this point in conducting the subsequent phase of experiments. Relay assembly test ro om experiments This set of experiments was conducted under the guidance of Elton Mayo between 1927 and 1933. At this stage too, researchers were concerned about factors like working hours, working conditions, refreshments, and temperatures.To start with, the researchers selected six women employees of the relay assembly test room. Their jobs were to assemble relay (a small device) using thirty-five spare parts. Selected women employees (samples) were put in a separate room and briefed about the experiments. In the test room, a number of variables were altered, for example, increased wages and rest period, shortened workday and workweek, etc. In addition, the sample workers were given the freedom to leave their workstation without permission and were also given special attention. Productivity increased over the study period.Such results led the researchers to believe that better treatment of subordinates made them more productive. They highlighted the significance of social relations . Finally, the researchers were convinced that workers would perform better if management looked after their welfare and supervisors paid special attention to them. This condition was later labelled as the Hawthorne effect. Interview phase In this phase of the experiments, about 21,000 people were interviewed over three years between 1928 and 1930. The purpose of the interviews was to explore the attitudes of workers in depth.The conclusions that emerged were: A complaint is not necessarily an objective recital of facts; it may also reflect personal disturbance, the cause of which may be deep-rooted. All objects, persons, and events carry some social meaning. They relate to employees’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Workers’ personal situations are results of configurations of relationships, involving sentiments, desires, and interests. Such relational variables, when related to the worker's own past and present interpersonal relations, result in their personal situat ion.Workers assign meaning to their status in the organization and give value to events, objects, and specific features of their environment (hours of work, wages, etc. ). Workers derive satisfaction or dissatisfaction from the social status of an organization. This means that they also look for social rewards, associating them with an organization. Workers’ social demands are influenced by social experiences in groups, both inside and outside the workplace. Bank wiring observation room experiment This part of the Hawthorne experiments was conducted to test some of the ideas that the researchers formed during the interview phase.It was conducted between 1931 and 1932. In this experiment, there were fourteen participants (samples) including wire-men, solder men, and inspectors. There was no change in the physical working conditions. Sample workers were paid based on an incentive pay plan, relating their pay to output. They had the opportunity to earn more by increasing the out put. However, as the researchers observed, the output was constant at a certain level. Analysis of the results showed that the group encourages neither too much nor too little work. They enforce ‘a fair day's work’ on their own.Group norms, therefore, are more important to the worker than money. The study, thus, provided some insights into informal social relations within groups. The Hawthorne experiments, by focusing on the importance of human relations, contributed immensely to management theory. In the behavioural school of thought, other contributors like Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor, and Chris Argyris also left a significant impact. While Maslow focused on the importance of human needs, which are major driving forces for human motivation, McGregor made certain assumptions about people, categorizing them under theory X and theory Y.Theory X essentially represents a negative view about people, that is, people are lazy by nature, have little ambition, dislike work , avoid responsibility, and require direction to work. Theory Y, on the contrary, assumes that people are more positive, capable of self-control, innovative and creative, and they do not inherently dislike work. These theories have been further discussed in detail in Chapter 5. Chris Argyris's contributions to the behavioral school of thought are extremely important.His contributions comprise the maturity–immaturity theory, the integration of individual and organizational goals, and the patterns of model I and model II. According to the maturity–immaturity theory, people progress from a stage of immaturity and dependence to a state of maturity and independence. If organizations keep their employees in a dependent state, they allow them to remain immature and thereby prevent them from achieving their potential. Argyris further contended that a formal organization develops a rigid structure, compelling people to behave in an immature way. This leads to incongruencebetwee n the individual and organizational goals, hinders organizational development, leads to failure, and fosters frustration and conflict. People end up showing their aggression, regression, and suppression in various ways. Model I and model II patterns are two different assumptions. Workers in the model I type of organization are motivated by the desire to manipulate others and protect themselves from others. Workers in the model II type of organization are less manipulative and more willing to learn and take risks. Argyris, therefore, suggested that managers try to create a model II type of organization.Likert and Drucker have also contributed significantly to this school of thought. Likert attributes low productivity and poor morale of employees to a typical job-centred supervision technique. He has suggested some typical leadership styles to ensure better productivity and improved morale of workers. These have been discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Drucker, on the other hand, pionee red several modern management concepts in the fields of innovation, creativity, problem solving, organization design, and management by objectives (MBO).All his principles have been acknowledged and are referred to throughout this book. Criticism of the neo-classical school of thought Despite the brilliant contributions by the behavioral school of thought to the theories of management, it was criticized on the following grounds: It is believed that the procedures and analysis of the findings and the conclusions drawn thereon have little relevance. In fact, the conclusions are not supported by adequate evidence.The relationship between satisfaction of workers and productivity was established with simplistic assumptions, while in reality the situation is more complex due to behavioral phenomena. Further, all these studies failed to focus on the attitudes of workers, although attitudes play a crucial role in influencing workers’ performance and productivity. Modern Approaches So me modern approaches have played a significant role in the evolution of management theories, such as the quantitative school, the systems theory, and the contingency theory. The quantitative school of thought emerged during World War II.During the war, managers, government officials, and scientists were brought together to help the army to effectively utilize resources. These experts, using some earlier mathematical approaches to the concepts advocated by Taylor and Gantt, solved many logistic problems in the war. Subsequent to the war, such techniques were applied by many organizations to solve their business problems. This school of thought extensively utilizes statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulations for decision making and economic effectiveness to solve business problems.It has various branches, such as management science, operations management, and management information systems. The management science approach visualizes management as a lo gical entity, expressing management in terms of mathematical symbols, relationships, and measurement data. Also known as the operations research approach, it is applied in areas like capital budgeting and cash-flow management, production scheduling, product strategy development, human resource planning, and inventory management.Various mathematical tools like queuing theory, linear programming, PERT, CPM, decision theory, simulation, replacement, probability theory and sampling, time-series analysis, and index numbers are used to minimize the error in management decisions. The operations management approach is primarily concerned with production management and its related areas. In fact, it is difficult to draw a line between management science and operations management. Most of the mathematical tools mentioned earlier are used in operations management.Moreover, this approach also helps in decision making in other functional areas like finance, marketing, and human resource manageme nt. The management information systems approach focuses on designing and implementing computer-based information systems for use by management. It converts raw data into information inputs, which are subsequently used by management for decision making. Modern management information systems help in enterprise-wide decision making, integrating all functions of management.Enterprise-wide decision support systems (such as human resource information systems) are used for critical or strategically important decisions, as these provide valuable information inputs. An extension of the quantitative school of thought is the systems theory approach. This approach considers the organization as a whole because of the interdependent nature of activities, requiring the organization to interact with external environmental factors. In this competitive scenario,organizations cannot function in isolation. It has to operate in open systems, interacting with the environment.Whether it is new-product dev elopment or employee selection, the organization has to consider them as open systems, as its decisions are interrelated and interdependent with the environmental situation. Synergy is the phenomenon of open systems of management by which the total system is more than a simple sum of its parts. It means that if a manager effectively coordinates the efforts of related sub-systems, the result will be greater than the sum total of such independent efforts, that is, 2 + 2 will be greater than 4. The systems approach to management is also important because it helps in avoiding entropy.Entropy is a syndrome wherein systems and processes eventually decay. By relating the organization to the environment, following a systems approach, such a situation can be averted. The contingency theory approach discards the concept of universality in management principles and determines managerial decisions considering situational factors. The task of a manager, as per this theory, is to identify which t echniques will—in a particular situation, under particular circumstances, at a particular point of time—best contribute to achieving organizational goals.The theory contends that organizational phenomena exist in a logical pattern, which managers can understand gradually by interpreting various situations. They can thereby frame their managerial styles, which vary from situation to situation. The contingency theory and the systems theory are together classified as the integrative school of management thought because these two theories integrate the classical, behavioral, and quantitative theories into a framework that uses only the best of each approach in a given situation.